Computer Science And Artificial Intelligence - 901 Words

In the book â€Å"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence† by the National Research council staff, and published by National Academies Press, they talk about the importance of Artificial intelligence in the department of defense, especially in this day and age. They talk about how AI could help increase national security while reducing the risk for humans in hostile environments (ch.2 pg. 14). Along with that, it states that if we could advance far enough, the goal is to entirely replace the need to risk human life or injury in hostile places by creating robot surrogates that are programmed to behave in a socially acceptable way. With the combination of humans and remote controlled robots we could productively and safely fulfil necessary functions in very dangerous places. Also mentioned is the high quality and speedy production of systems, computers, and other technologies. Automated production technology is considered inexpensive and effective. To add on to what the Nat ional Council has said, I think that it’s rapid, reliable production is a wonderful way of protecting and defending ourselves, some people might argue that these robots are just machinery that costs money and are replacing our jobs, but I believe that the value of a human life is much more expensive than the technology protecting us. Contrary to popular belief, technology like this isn’t as expensive as usually perceived, in fact, according to the book â€Å"computer science and artificial intelligence† theShow MoreRelatedComputer Science And Artificial Intelligence1712 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Science Computer science can be defined as a many number of technological variables, but is primarily defined as the science and processes of information processing in computer hardware and software, as well as its applications within. Computer science is comprised of many aspects that form a larger whole, that take a practical and theoretical approach to the capabilities of computers and how they process input and output information. With computers being conceived as early as the 1830’sRead MoreArtificial Intelligence in Computer Science Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesAn important field in computer science today is artificial intelligence. The novel approaches that computer scientists use in this field are looked to for answers to many of the problems that have not been solved through traditional approaches to software engineering thus far. One of the concepts studied and implemented for a variety of tasks in artificial intelligence today is neural networks; they have proven succes sful in offering an approach to some problems in the field, but they also haveRead MoreArtificial Intelligence : Computer Science, California State University East Bay, Usa2549 Words   |  11 PagesName: Aleena Davy Net-ID: sw7839 Research: Artificial Intelligence in Computer Forensics Department of Computer Science, California State University East Bay, USA Abstract: Computer Forensics is crucial to solving computer related criminal investigations. The world has evolved a great deal in technology but this has led to the misuse of the resources as well. It is of utmost importance to be able to stop cyber attacks; however it is no easy task as the current forensic tools are not designedRead MoreSocial and Ethical Impact of Artificial Intelligence Essay examples1503 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Artificial Intelligence? III Social and Ethical Issues Associated with Artificial Intelligence IV Part I Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence IV Part II Advantages IV Part III Disadvantages IV Ethical Impact of Artificial Intelligence V Conclusion VI Bibliography VII Introduction As our world expands through the growing abilities and applications of computers in our everyday lives, it seems that the role of the computer hasRead MoreEssay about Social And Ethical Impact Of Artificial Intelligence1370 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction As our world expands through the growing abilities and applications of computers in our everyday lives, it seems that the role of the computer has been reversed. Before we knew that the computer only understood what we programmed it to understand; however, now the majority of our society is learning more from computers than they are able to input into it. Dumm (1986 p.69) History The human aspiration to create intelligent machines has appeared in myth and literature forRead MoreHow The Society Values Computer Technology1716 Words   |  7 PagesName: Tubonemi Emmanuel Tamunobelema. Matric No: NS160014. Computer and the Society How the Society values Computer Technology Question: Google SDK/Artificial-Intelligence: Is it Good or bad? Table of Content 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 My theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 Respondents opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.0 Summary and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figures Fig 1.2.0 Do you interact with artificial intelligent systems? .................................Read MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the most famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligence has specific technologiesRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Technology1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The increasing use of artificial intelligence in technology will transform our societies for the worse.† Module: FC-503 Tutor Name: Assessment type: Essay Student Number: T0061516 Word Count: The theme of the 2017 Summer Davos meeting was about the fourth revolution of science and technology and artificial intelligence was undoubtedly one of the main topics discussed by people. From driving interactive voice with nobody to Alphago defeat the invincible chess champion Ke Jie (GibneyRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Today, people are interacting more and more with computers. Life is running at a microchip speed. If all computers are stopped for a day, complete civilization comes to a halt! Fifty years ago, this mightve been a science fiction, but today it is a reality. Further, with Computers being embedded in all of our life accessories like mobiles, watches, cars, even our bodies and brains there is no indication that this microchipRead MoreHow Ai Can Bring On A Second Industrial Revolution1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfaster and more intelligent, what I talking about is artificial intelligence, or AI. I think that in the next two decades, this will be the most influential development trend and driving force in society. What is AI Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as machine intelligence, refers to the intelligence produced by a system that is artificially manufactured. Often artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence achieved through ordinary computers. The term also refers to the study of such intelligent

Heating the World Free Essays

Introduction: The community considered Tucker very fortunate for his marriage, and so did Tucker, nevertheless he had no knowledge of modern women and the marriage had bought changes he had not predicted. This is a statement made early in the short story â€Å"Heating the world† written by Owen Marshall. This story is set in a rural Northern area of the South Island. We will write a custom essay sample on Heating the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story is a fiction piece classified under social genre, it is also written in third person, so it is narrated from an on-lookers perspective rather than a personal perspective. This lets the reader develop their own thoughts on the characters and view the ideas in which the writer may be trying to convey. An Idea that is developed throughout the short story is that marriage can bring unpredictable change to a typical rural bachelor. This idea is portrayed through Tucker’s conversations about his new wife to â€Å"Neville O’Doone his counsel in such things†. Tuckers views on life and finance, what he thinks are Justifiable purchases and why are also ways of showing the idea before and after marriage. The idea is also conveyed through Tucker’s views on the introduction of new food, fashion and modern life’s necessities. At the beginning of the short story we get an idea of where Tucker is in his life. Tucker recently married at forty two after having been one of the last bachelors in his district to marry shortly after his mother had passed away. Before marriage Tucker had done for himself and lived in â€Å"traditional rural simplicity rather than poverty†. His financial priorities were focused on things for the farm which were â€Å"natural expenses of life†. So it made his life very unsettled becoming newly married when his wife started to spend money. Tucker found her purchases unjustifiable. Quote: â€Å"to buy a new lampshade or replace the kitchen lino for reason of colour co-ordination would no more enter his head than to dine at the Victor Hugo restaurant in town when he had food in his own home. A four and half thousand dollar skeet gun on the other hand, or an irrigation mule at twenty thousand, were perfectly justifiable purchases. † This quote shows that marriage has bought up issues that Tucker wouldn’t have changed himself previously because they weren’t initially important. It also shows that Tucker was cautious with his money before marriage even though initially he didn’t have to be (Farm worth about half a million on a bad day). Another statement made in the text about Tucker was that â€Å"At the tables of his married friends he developed a taste for lasagne and apple strudel† The reader can see that his traditional life has changed and that perhaps he always expected to have home cooked meals once married. Therefore showing unpredictable change when Tuckers wife starts to buy new things for the house and is starting to introduce Tucker to the finer things in life, such as dining out. During the story we view the dialogue between Tucker and Neville during which Tucker first seeks advice from his friend. Tucker approaches the conversation by addressing Neville’s wife and asking if she likes soap. This is where Tucker starts to voice his concerns about how many â€Å"soaps† there are in the bathroom. â€Å"I counted seven along the bath last night, and all partly used. † The thought that there are so many different types of products available has Tucker in a state of confusion, it also has Neville come to the conclusion of why it may confuse Tucker who had only one bar of yellow soap in his bathroom before marriage. The reader will begin to see that this new lifestyle is becoming hard for Tucker to makes sense of after so many years of living his simple bachelor lifestyle. Tucker also states that â€Å"We’ve put in a shower as well. † This shows the development of the idea because the text shows the reaction of Tucker to new changes. This shows that Tucker could not predict such changes and was surprised and slightly unprepared for such change to happen after he was married. Again throughout the whole short story we see Tucker’s reactions to being introduced to modern life’s new necessities such as food, clothing and renovation. The first reaction was to all the types of soaps in the bathroom and a need for a shower. Explained in the previous paragraph. Tuckers introduction to new fruits was stated when he again was expressing his concern to his friend Neville. Tucker couldn’t believe that you buy fruit because all his life he had grown it in their own orchard, â€Å"now the whole crop lies beneath the trees in the orchard for the wasps and the birds†. He also exclaimed the fact that they quite often had fruit in the bowl, â€Å"but the thing is, see, that it often goes off before its eaten and has to be thrown out†. The whole concept of produce being purchased and wasted was poisonous to Tucker. Along with the fact that his wife kept buying him new clothes and that his new daughters had a pants draw each was incredible! (Considering he now has 3 daughters). Tucker was accustomed to having as stated â€Å"three pairs of underpants-one to wear, one to wash and one to change into. † This shows the simple life he previously had and the unpredicted change which now seemed to bother him once he had become married. How to cite Heating the World, Papers

Project Management Concepts

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Concepts. Answer: Project Description The project has been made for developing the webpage and system development process. The development of the web page and web system has been formed in a project format for increasing the functionality of the operation included. The system development has been helpful for dealing with the issues of project operations. The webpage development consists of various operations like collection of data, requirement analysis, coding for the webpage, and deployment of the system. Status summary Summary: The project has completed the operations of web design, database design, development of design, interface design, final design, testing, and training in the estimated time. Hence it is probable that the project would be completed in the stipulated time. The PV of the project is $34,760.00, the EV of the project is $13,573.33, and the SV of the project is $21,186.67. Hence the remaining project worth is equal to the difference between BAC-EAC and it is equal to $3237.60. Budget The actual cost to date: $105,520.00 The planned cost to date: $115,840.00 Summary: The project has been doing perfectly well and all the operations of the project are within the budget. The operations of the project have resulted in implying the cost effective and efficient operations of the organization. The project has helped in deciding the web page development requirements and justification of the costs indulged in the project. The operations of the project include the designing of the web page that has been scheduled and completed in 34 days with an expenditure cost of $19,880.00. The software designer, business analyst, project manager, and software engineer are the persons included in the project. The data base design has been made in 5 days with cost estimate of $4,240. The interface designing has been helpful for supporting the creation of interface of the system and webpage that has been completed in 24 days for an expense of $10,080.00. It took 32 days for completing the development phase of webpage and the total cost expended was about $25,760.00. The t esting and training for the webpage developed was done in 51 days and a sum of $35,800.00 was expended in the process. The launch has been scheduled to be performed next. The overall expenses include the operations that have been completed such as designing of the web page, data base design, interface designing, development phase, testing, and training. The individual costs and expenses have summed up to $ 95760.00 and it is the expected costs that would be summed up to be around $115,840.00 AUD. Explanations The complete project of website development consists of web design, database design, interface design, final design, development, testing, training, launching, and closure phases. These phases contain a set of operations that would help in the successful completion of the project of webpage development. The phases that have been completed till 18th of July, 2017 are web design, interface design, database design, final design, development, testing, and training. The first phase designing of webpage consists of creating user interface mock-ups, conducting design review, delivering functional specifications, functional design specifications approval, developing technical specification, review of technical specifications, and technical design specifications approval. The second phase of database designing consists of developing database specifications, review of database specifications, and database specifications approval. The interface designing consists of determining of data import/e xport elements, defining user needs, and defining IT needs. The fourth phase of final design consist of collecting user requirements, designing reports, review of report design, and delivering final functional specifications. The development phase consists of coding web page, identification of database relation, and building the tables of database. The testing phase consists of the process to verify design and functionality, perform integration test, perform user acceptance test, and system user interface bug fixation. The training phase consists of assembling specifications, developing system flowcharts, completing the system documentation, and assembling functional specifications. All of these tasks have been completed in stipulated time and with exhaustion of allocated resources. The successful completion of project would require the completion of the phase in time allocated. The completion of the project would be based on the completion of the remaining phases of the project and they are launching of the website, closure report, and post reviews. Major changes or issues since last report The last report of the project was submitted in the initial phase after analysing the requirements and objectives. In that report only the initial requirements were analysed and it included creating a plan for completion of the project. The cost distribution of the project operations are shown in the figure below: Figure1: Cost allocation for each phase of the project The graph has shown that the operations of the project have been allocated with sufficient resources for each of the operations included in the project. The allocated resources have been helpful for providing the benefit of the system development and configuration. The variation in baseline has shown that the project resources would be helpful for complying with the development of the project operations. The changes that the project had undergone since the last report includes: Creation of web design: The first phase has been completed and the design processes for the webpage has been made. It has comply the completion of creating user interface mock-ups, conducting design review, delivering functional specifications, functional design specifications approval, developing technical specification, review of technical specifications, and technical design specifications approval. The software designer and engineer have been helpful for completion of the web design. Making Database Design: The database design is the phase in which the design of the database is completed and made ready to implementation. The processes included in the database design phase are developing database specifications, review of database specifications, and database specifications approval. The completion of all these steps had helped in yielding proper design for the database structure. Creation of the Interface design: The interface design phase consists of making the UX interface design for the webpage. The process consist of creating an interface design along with determining of data import/export elements, defining user needs, and defining IT needs. The completion of the processes had yielded in making a systematic design for the interface of the webpage. Final Design creation: The creation of final design has yielded in forming the final webpage design. The processes included in the project are collecting user requirements, designing reports, review of report design, and delivering final functional specifications. It would help in forming the final design creation of the webpage developed. Development of the webpage: It is the final step of technical operations and completion of this phase would result in final development of the webpage. The processes included in the phase are coding web page, identification of database relation, and building the tables of database. Webpage testing and training: The testing phase results in testing the webpage for any error and flaw. The testing phase consists of the process to verify design and functionality, perform integration test, perform user acceptance test, and system user interface bug fixation. The training phase consists of assembling specifications, developing system flowcharts, completing the system documentation, and assembling functional specifications. Risk watch: Risk watch in project can be done by implementing risk assessment process (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015). The risk assessment consist of processes like risk mitigation, risk prioritization, and documentation for dealing with the risk and threats of the project. Risk mitigation process: The risk mitigation addresses the procedure behind hazard administration and the hazard appraisal meeting permits the venture group to distinguish, classify, organize, and relieve or keep away from these dangers early. Chance evaluation is a stage in a hazard administration strategy (Li 2014). Hazard evaluation is the assurance of quantitative or subjective estimation of hazard identified with a solid circumstance and a perceived risk. Hazard evaluation includes measuring the likelihood that a hazard will turn into a reality. Risk prioritization: In many ventures, dangers are recognized and broke down in an arbitrary, conceptualizing, design (Lim et al. 2013). This is frequently lethal to the accomplishment of the venture, as unforeseen dangers emerge, which have not been evaluated or gotten ready for and must be managed on a crisis premise, instead of be set up for and shielded against in an arranged, measured, way. It is fundamental that potential dangers are recognized, sorted, assessed and reported. As opposed to take a gander at every hazard freely and haphazardly, it is substantially more compelling to recognize dangers and after that gathering them into classifications, or, to draw up a rundown of classifications and afterward to distinguish potential dangers inside every classification. Documentation process: The Project Manager will enter every one of the dangers, likelihood affect scores, and reactions and keep up an archive to clarify all danger (Hopkin, 2017). The high scoring dangers will be added to the Project Management Plan. This record will likewise be incorporated as an addendum to the Project Management Plan. Moreover, the dangers with a high score will be added to the venture plan as a strategy to track the hazard at the right time. Despite the fact that these dangers are added to the calendar, the timetable itself is not really changed. This progression is to give mindfulness and deceivability to the members of all high scoring dangers all through the venture's lifecycle. Bibliography Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Boud, D., Cohen, R. and Sampson, J. eds., 2014.Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Meredith, J.R., Mantel Jr, S.J. and Shafer, S.M., 2013.Project management in practice. Wiley Global Education. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Hopkin, P., 2017.Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M.A., Amann, M., Anderson, H.R., Andrews, K.G. and Aryee, M., 2013. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The lancet,380(9859), pp.2224-2260. Li, W., 2014.Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons.

Tissue Specimen free essay sample

| NAM_________________________ DATE_____________| | NO| NAME OF TISSUE / SPECIMEN| NAME OF THE ORGAN SYSTEM| LABEL SPECIMEN| FUNCTION| DESEASE| Type of tissuesection| Staining technique| REFRENCE| MAGNIFICATION| DRAWING / SKETCH| 1| Acute Lymphocyte Leukemia | Cardiovascular System | Blood | Type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells| Leukemia | Blood Smear | Hematoxylin| http://swc2. hccs. du/bio/labs| 451306 pixels| | 2| Atherosclerosis- Coronary Artery | Cardiovascular system | Located in main arteries of heart| Blockage of passage of blood into coronary arteries| Arthrosclerosis blockage of coronary artery/ MI heart attack/ | CL| Giesma| Http://www. enome. gov/images| Size: 215200 pixels| | 3| Cardiac Muscle | Cardiovascular system | Heart/ smooth muscle | Contraction and relaxation of muscle for blood flow | Congestive heart failure| DM| Wrights| http://swc2. ccs. edu/bio/labs| 500376 pixels| | 4| Cystic Duct| Digestive system| Liver/ gall bladder | join passage of common hepiatic duct | Estrahepalic Bile Duct Cancer (PDQ) / Gallstones| CS| Silver strain| http://med. umich. edu/| 512512 pixels 117 kb| | 5| Dorsal Root Ganglion- Golgi Aparatus | eukaryotic cells organelle | Cellular Organelle| Distribution of cells chemicals products| Alzheimer’s Disease | DM| Silver Stained| http://anatomyatlas. We will write a custom essay sample on Tissue Specimen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page rg/microscopicantatomy/| 472269 pixels| | 6| Eosinophila | Cardiovascular system| Blood| Causes are allergic reaction or parasitosis| condition in which the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood exceeds 0. 45? 109/L| Blood Smear| Hematoxylin| http://www. nurs. org. jp/igaku/s4323| 200200 piels| | 7| Fish Blastodisc Mitosis Section| Reproductive system | Egg| the embryo-forming portion of an egg with discoidal cleavage| Mitosis | Longitudinal Cross section| Giesma| http://www. carolina. om/images/enUS| 251250 pixels| | 8| Frog Early Cleavage | Reproductive System | Frog egg| During the 3 hour fertilization and pass thru the gray crescent | Mitosis| Representative Sagittal Section| Giesma| https://bio. rutgers. edu/bm-earl. ,html| 215220 pixels| | 9| Uterus fibroid tumor| Reproductive System | Uterus| Is a benign tumor that originates from the smooth muscle layer of uterus| carcinosarcoma| CS| Wrights| http://www. obgyn. edu. /images| 400320 pixels| | 10| Goiter Section| Endocrine System| Enlargement of Thyroid gland| Regulating of body metabolism and calcium balance. | Hyperthyroidism: overproduction of thyroid hormone | LS| Wrights| http://pathweb. uchc. edu| 432324 pixels| | 11| Human Blood Smear| Cardiovascular System | Blood| Transport of nutrients and other wastes | Leukemia / hemophilia | Blood smear | Hematoxylin| Http://www. aug. edu/biology/1101cspage2| 30244 pixels| | 12| Human Aurobach’s plexus| Nervous system | Parasimpatetic Nervous System| provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa,| Achalasia| CS| Wrights| http://en. ikipedia. org/aurebach’s plexus| 50215 pixels| | 13| Human Blood Smear (Wrights)| Cardiovascular System| Blood| Transportation of nutrients and wastes| lymphoma,| Blood smear| Wrights| http://download. videohelp. com/visual/med| 367192 pixels| | 14| Human Brain Astrocytes- Silver Stained| Nervous System | star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord| biochemical support of endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier| Neurodegeneration, Alzheimers disease, Parkinson Disease, | LS| Silver Stained | Http://nordiqu. rg/images/IFs| 170255 pixels| | 15| Human breast carcinoma | Reproductive System| malignant breast neoplasm| Cancer originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts| Breast Cancer | LS| Wrights| http://www. labvision. c/images/ihcimage| 175175 Pixels| | 16| Human Cardiac Infection – Cross section| Cardiovascular system | Heart | Decrease function of heart developing heart failure and valve dysfunction | Bacterial endocarditis an infection of the heart valves or the hearts inner lining endocardium| Cross section | Wrights| http://pathmicro. ed. sc. edu| 448350 pixels | | 17| Human Cardiac muscle – Interacted Discs| Cardiovascular system | Striated Smooth Muscle | Intercalated discs (IDs) are complex adhering structures which connect single cardiac myocytes| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopa thy, ARVC| CS| DM| http://www. 1cro. com/Discovery/cardiacmus. gif| 308153 pixels | |

The Media †Difference between entertainment and news.

The Media – Difference between entertainment and news. Free Online Research Papers The media is powerful; with that statement, no one can disagree. However, many differ when debating the alleged liberal bias of the media. Now, before you start deeming CNN the â€Å"Clinton News Network,† hear me out. The media is biased in both directions, right and left, and more often than being politically swayed, the media is influenced by money. However, the biggest problem with the media is the kinds of programming and writing that are considered news and what sources are considered journalists. Take the O’Reilly Factor, for example. Bill O’Reilly, the host of the show, is not, I repeat NOT, a journalist. He is a commentator/TV and radio personality. However, because his show is broadcast on news stations, suddenly his opinions and convenient statistics are called news. The media watch group, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, even published a book called â€Å"The ‘Oh Really?’ Factor† criticizing him for his biased reporting, which would normally end a news career, but Fox continues to broadcast his biased little show and write it off as news even though his show and most of the programming on Fox make references of an intended audience: Republicans. The other thing about the media that bothers me is that the owners of huge media corporations can self-censure reports about their subsidiaries. Think of it this way: Time Warner owns CNN, a news network, but also owns companies such as HBO, AOL, People, Sports Illustrated, Fortune Magazine, and New Line Cinema (to name a few). Because they own such wide array of media outlets, CNN isn’t going to rip on Sports Illustrated if a huge scandal explodes as relentlessly as Fox News would have. Does that make CNN less credible? The amount of time people are willing to devote to watching or reading news is becoming slimmer these days, so the juiciest facts instead of the whole story are presented to fit within the short attention span of the average American. Pressure from advertisers is another ways in which our capitalist society actually causes bias in reporting. If Dodge contributes millions of dollars in commercial advertising to ABC, how might that effect a story about Dodge recalls? Government influence, whether its public or covert censorship, biases the media as well. Who knows what kind of information the Bush administration or the CIA is hiding in their back logs of files or what bits of information are withheld to avoid tarnished reputations. The moral of the story is that you have to realize that the news you’re being fed isn’t always cold hard fact. Unless you are reading or watching an actual journalist, the tidbits of â€Å"news† that you hear most likely have an opinion behind it and it most definitely serve a purpose for whatever media outlet you’re hearing it from. In the end, all you can do is realize you’re being tricked and be smart enough to not believe everything you hear. Don’t allow yourself to be a puppet. Look to multiple sources for your news, and be aware that money influences what is broadcast just as political views could affect reporters and editors. Research Papers on The Media - Difference between entertainment and news.Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part One

What Critical Thinking Is and How to Develop It

What Critical Thinking Is and How to Develop It The concept of critical thinking has been defined in many complex ways, but for young students new to the concept, it can best be summed up as thinking and judging for yourself. When you develop critical thinking skills, you will learn to evaluate information that you hear and process information that you collect while recognizing your implicit biases. You will analyze the evidence that is presented to you in order to make sure it is sound. Recognize Common Fallacies Fallacies are tricks of logic, and understanding them is the best way to avoid falling for them. There are many types of fallacies, and the more you think about them, the more readily you will recognize them all around you, especially in advertisements, arguments, and political discussions. Bandwagon Appeals: Bandwagon appeals argue that you should follow along with something because everyone else believes it.Scare Tactics: A scare tactic is the use of a  scary story as an example to make you more likely to believe some underlying assumption.Appeal to Emotion: An appeal to emotion uses a fiery speech or a tragic story to convince someone to side with you.False Dichotomy: Often there are many sides to an argument, but a false dichotomy presents an issue as one side versus the other. Characteristics of Critical Thinking To become a critical thinker, you must develop a few skills. Recognize assumptions you carry with you. Have you ever wondered why you believe the things that you believe? Do you believe things because you’ve been told to believe them? Step outside your own beliefs to observe from a neutral viewpoint. Be aware of assumptions and learn to self-reflect.Process information honestly. People sometimes pass along information that is not really true (i.e. the fake news crisis).Recognize a generalization. Girls don’t like bugs. Old people are wise. Cats make better pets. These are generalizations. They’re not always true, are they?Evaluate old information and new ideas. There was a time when doctors thought leeches could cure us. Recognize that just because something is commonly accepted, doesnt mean it is true.Produce new ideas based on sound evidence. Detectives solve crimes by collecting bits of truths and putting them all together like a puzzle. One small deceit can jeopardize an investigation. The entire truth-seeking process is destabilized by one piece of bad evidence, leading to a wrong conclusion. Analyze a problem and recognize the complex parts. A mechanic must understand how an entire engine works before s/he can diagnose a problem. Sometimes it is necessary to deconstruct an engine to figure out which part isn’t working. You should approach big problems like this: break them down into smaller parts and observe carefully and deliberately.Use precise vocabulary and communicate with clarity. The truth can be blurred by fuzzy language. It is important to develop your vocabulary so you can communicate truths accurately.Manage emotions in response to a situation or problem. Don’t be fooled by stirred up, emotional plea or angry speech. Stay rational and keep your emotions in check as you encounter new information.Judge your sources. Learn to recognize hidden agendas and bias when you collect information. As students progress from high school into college and graduate school they must develop critical thinking skills in order to carry out research. Students will learn to identify good sources and bad sources, make logical conclusions, and develop new theories.

The History Of Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History Of Industrialization - Essay Example This changed during the Gilded Age as businessmen like Carnegie adopted vertical integration thereby eliminating all middlemen in the process. Instead of meat being handled by different individuals, a single businessman engaged in all the trades from cattle breeding to retailing meat. This led to the emergence of corporations such as the giant steel empire of Carnegie which brought them huge profits. Others such as Rockefeller adopted horizontal integration (purchase of competing companies in the same industry) thus eliminating competitors. Rockefeller purchased all independent oil refineries creating a monopoly in the market named the Standard Oil Company. Such investors were referred as robber barons as they did everything they could to earn profits. Corporations produced powerful tycoons such as Carnegie, Rockefeller and Frederick Weyerhaeuser (timber industry) and consequently business malpractices. Rockefeller was the richest man, Carnegie the fourth richest and Weyerhaeuser the seventh richest. These and other wealthy businessmen formed trusts to monopolize the production of goods. This prompted the U.S government to pass legislation such as the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 and the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to curb such malpractices and corruption. The Interstate Commerce Act was to eliminate discrimination against small shippers by railroads while the Anti-trust Law was to curb monopolies. Speculations by tycoons often led to an economic crisis such as the panic of 1893.

The History of William Pens Statue Research Paper

The History of William Pens Statue - Research Paper Example Although born in an Anglican family, William Penn changed his religious views and joined â€Å"the religious society of friends† or â€Å"Quakers†. Quakers oppose war and violence and obey the divine light that they believe is present within each person. Since their beliefs opposed the Christian religion, they faced many hardships until William Penn managed to get a colonial province of West New Jersey. His implementation of democratic structure in this province included â€Å"full freedom of religion, fair trials, elected representatives of the people in power and a separation of powers†. American constitution is inspired from this democratic system of Penn (ushistory.org). He believed in fair treatment and complete religious freedom. He wrote once â€Å"True religion does not draw men out of the world but enables them to live better in it†. He was arrested a number of times due to his difference of beliefs. Yet the most famous among his trials is the one which eventually gave the freedom to the juries of England and made them independent and out of influence from the judges. William Penn also planned and developed the â€Å"City of Brotherly Love†, Philadelphia (Somerville, 2006). Due to the overcrowding at the old 18th-century city hall at fifth and Chestnut Street, a public election was held in 1870 to decide the new location of a city hall in Philadelphia. Penn Square was the new location that received 51, 623 votes. The architecture of this new city hall was designed by John MacArthur Jr. who immigrated to America from Scotland. William Penn’s statue was not originally included in his design (Hornblum, 2003). The inclusion of a statue was requested by the building commission, which was designed by Alexander Milne Calder, who immigrated to America as well in 1869 (pewtrusts.org). The construction of city hall was completed in 1901 with the intention of making it the world’s tallest building. The Eiffel tower  and Washington monument, however, grabbed that uniqueness from it. Yet it is still the world’s largest masonry building in the world.

The North Wind and the Sun Essay Example for Free

The North Wind and the Sun Essay The North Wind and the Sun is about two different personalities and how they operate to get things done. The North Wind is very arrogant and has a personality that is very strong. He is also very impatient, he wants things done immediately and he wants it done his way.   He is the type who intimidates people and could very well be the type to instil fear in his subordinates.   This type of â€Å"shotgun-in-your-face† approach will work against some people until you come across individuals who have a mind of their own.    Some people make it a point to resist very strong individuals and this could pose a problem especially when North Winds are leaders.   When that happens, it is the personality of the Sun which can win them over.   Personalities like the Sun do not impose their wants and needs.   Personalities like the Sun do not make demands nor put pressure on people.   They have realized that a better approach to getting what they want is to be subtle.   They have mastered the art of manipulating individuals into doing what they (the Sun) wants by making them (the individuals) think that they decide and act for themselves.   It is this subtlety that makes people like the Sun more effective leaders. The human in this story, like in most stories of Greek and Roman mythology, is the plaything of the Sun and the North Wind.   He is at the mercy of their whims.   So when these two entities decide to test their strength through a competition, this hapless man becomes their focus.   They were quite smart because in order to settle their dispute, they did not ask for the man’s opinion.   They did not come down from the heavens to ask â€Å"who is stronger?†Ã‚   Instead they decided to settle their quarrel by watching the human’s reaction to the force they exerted.   He, in essence, acted as a fair and impartial judge in a contest he did not know he was mediating.

Alexander Graham Bell Essay -- Biography Biographies Bell Essays

Alexander Graham Bell Works Cited Missing The importance of Alexander Graham Bell on today’s society is visible, or rather audible, every day and everywhere. First and foremost, Alexander Graham Bell was a prolific teacher of the deaf. This is what he considered to be his true life’s work, but only one of the many important things he did. Through his research of speech and sound, and his creative mind, he would become one of the most influential inventors in modern history. His own definition of an inventor, â€Å"A man who looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world.† suits him well. Every thing that he did had an impact on someone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to a family of speech educators. His father, Melville Bell, had invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols for all spoken sounds that was used in teaching deaf people to speak (Clarke 15). His mother was deaf, this lead Melville and Alexander to exploration in the subject. Alexander Bell studied at Edinburgh University in 1864 and assisted his father at University College, London, from 1868-70. During these years he became deeply interested in the study of sound and the mechanics of speech, inspired in part by the acoustic experiments of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz, which gave Bell the idea of telegraphing speech (Paschoff 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When young Bell’s two brothers died of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his remaining family to the healthier climate of Canada in 1870. From there, Aleck Bell journeyed to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. The following year, Bell opened his own school in Boston for training teachers of the deaf. In 1873 he became a professor of vocal physiology at Boston University, and he also tutored private pupils as a side job (Clarke 15, 16).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bell’s interest in speech and communication led him to investigate the transmission of sound over wires. In particular, he experimented with development of the harmonic telegraph a device that could send multiple messages at the same time over a single wire. Bell also worked with the possibility of transmitting the human voice, experimenting with vibrating membranes and an actual human ear. Bell even manipulated his dogs vocal cords so that wh... ...ng beeps and sounds through telephone lines to other computers that decode the beeps and sounds into data. This would not be possible if Bell hadn’t figured out how to transmit these sounds. The same thing goes for radios and cell-phones and televisions. The speakers in these devices are all made possible by the understanding that Bell acquired of sounds and transmitting them through electrical devices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander Graham Bell was a man of warmth and human frailty, loved by his wife, children, and grandchildren. His life did seem to demonstrate the oneness of the world. He was cheered at exhibitions, applauded at scientific meetings, and sought out by reporters. He and his wife united two numerous and close-knit families. Children, especially those of his own extended family, loved him. His marriage was a model of devotion throughout its forty-five years. He was nominally a member of more clubs and other organizations than he could recall at any given time, and he was active in a number of them (Allen 70,71). He was much more than one of the most influential inventors of modern history, he was a great Husband, a mentor for youth, a model citizen, and an excellent teacher.

Examine the opening five minutes of ‘High Noon’, ‘Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid’, and ‘Unforgiven’

Examine the opening five minutes of ‘High Noon', ‘Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid', and ‘Unforgiven'. Discuss what each of the directors seek to achieve in these sequences and how they locate their film within the genre. The three films ‘High Noon', ‘Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid', and ‘Unforgiven' are all classic films that are located in the Western genre. Principally these Westerns are set between the period 1860 to 1900 and often located to the west of the Missouri and the Mississippi. The production of these three films span through a period of 40 years from 1952 to 1992 showing a change and progression in the style of filming. From examining the opening five minutes of each of the three films and with great reference to the key concepts I shall be able to establish what notions build a Western and analyse how effectively they are used within each of the three films. High Noon directed by Fred Zinnemann was produced in 1952 and tells the story of Miller, a renowned villain who was sentenced in the town of Hadleyville to a lifetime imprisonment in Texas. Much to the town's distress Miller is released and back with a vengeance and together with a group of other villains they return to Hadleyville to seek revenge on the town's sheriff. This is a story about the final triumph of good over evil yet also touches upon other subjects like testing friendships and the rise of women in power. This was the first film to use real time, by 1957 it was being parodied. High Noon begins with a non-diagetic soundtrack, ‘Don't forsake me, oh my darling,' which tells the story that is to follow. The film opens with a wide shot of the great grassy plains with a lone rider in the distance, showing great iconography of a typical Western scene. Its narrative clues are very strong in the first five minutes where the essentially ‘bad' characters are here shown with the stereotypical look of being roughly shaven and wearing ragged clothes and a Stetson hat. This is further backed up when they ride into the town, where people shocked and scared by their appearance stop immediately what they are doing and some even run to hide. One Spanish woman crosses herself when she sees them showing their bad reputation and is obvious here, that they are not often at that town and it is not a welcomed sight. There is a great contrast here between the ‘good' and the ‘bad,' mainly between Will Kane and Miller. In almost everyway they are opposite relating to Claud Levi-Strauss idea on binary oppositions. The connotation of colour is very noticeable here, where the bad guys are all wearing dark colours and ride on black horses in contrast to Will Kane who is about to wed Amy who is wearing white which reflects their innocence. This film uses conventions effectively to locate itself in the Western genre. It is located in a small town with one high street that is lined with tall wooden buildings. It also includes the familiar saloon and sheriff's office. These all link together to provide a representation of the stereotypical image of a western town. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid directed by George Roy Hill (1969) is based on a true story that follows the lives of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid who are famous for great bank and train robberies. After many successful takes they encounter resistance and in a bid for freedom flee the country. This film takes the idea away from the evil cowboy and by the end of the film you feel less anger for them as in most Westerns but like them and feel a sense of sorrow and pity for them. This film opens with a short film reel shot in sepia. It tells of one of their many great train robberies as ‘the hole in the wall gang. ‘ The sepia is a good reflection of the period of which this film is located, it also highlights and emphasises iconography of Westerns straight away. It then cuts out of sepia to the next scene in which Butch is examining the security of the town's bank in preparation for the robbery. There is a lot of exposure to the heavy bars and strong locks, obviously new, and unforeseen, Butch asks the bank teller â€Å"What happened to the old bank, it was beautiful†, the bank teller replies, â€Å"People kept robbing it! † Like High Noon the way Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are dressed reflects their personality and means that they can be more easily recognised. As well the bad guy is well renowned and scares a lot of people. Here, the Sundance Kid is well known for his precise firing aim, shown in the scene where the Sundance Kid is playing cards and his opponent accuses him of cheating not knowing who he is, â€Å"I didn't know you were the Sundance Kid when I accused you of cheating†¦ If I draw on you, you'll kill me. † He then asks him how good of a shooter he actually is, the Sundance Kid then demonstrates this and shows to the audience his character whereas Butch Cassidy appears to be a lot more rational and ‘the brains' behind the operations. The Sundance Kid is very sombre and does not show much facial expression. Male pride is very dominant in this film, especially among the Sundance Kid, where his reputation is very important and must be maintained to uphold the ‘bad guy' image. Unforgiven is the most recently produced film of the three, made in 1992 and directed by Clint Eastwood who also stars and won 4 Oscars. It follows the story of William Munny, a notorious killer who is offered the chance to earn a large sum of money by reverting to his old ways and killing two cowboys. The story line develops to show a more in depth side of the stereotypical villain of the West and the corruptness of people who are supposed to be on the ‘good' side. This film demonstrates 3 themes common to the Western genre: Love, honour, and loyalty. The opening shot of the film has a simple scene of William Munny tending to his wife's grave in a silhouette cast by a glowing sunset. This is further explained by the use of a short paragraph that tells of Munny's past. The first few minutes shows how William Munny has become much more of a settled family man since his wife died and so his gangster days are long gone and now owns and runs a ranch with his two children, whom can further accentuate his now much more innocent personality. Due to his presence as a family man we do not initially see him as a villain, and due to the different nature of the story, whereby Munny is asked to kill the villains who cut up the young girl's face, which is well deserved, it makes the audience portray Munny more as a hero, who was only looking out for the best interests of his family. This first scene of tranquillity is contrasted by a stormy second scene as it makes the change from the country to a small Western town, and gives a narrative clue that something that could upset the equilibrium is about to take place. There is a shot emphasising the sign saying billiards upstairs and then we see women being paid for sex. Screaming then breaks the silence and the pace is speeded up using fast editing which portrays the commotion that's taking place. This is stopped abruptly with the pointing of a gun. As in many Western films women are used to demonstrate the issue of male power and pride at this time in history. Within Unforgiven Little Bill, the town sheriff, talks to the head prostitute with little respect and does not listen to her opinion. Within the three films I have examined all three directors use similar iconography to portray the familiar Western scene and the villains always wearing dark clothes, with roughly cut hair and stubble around the mouth. The hero of a Western will always contrast the bad guy. The main themes that are covered are; male pride, loyalty and honour. Women are used repeatedly to show male power in society and are used as mere objects. High Noon is a base that most Western films use and its ideas are often revised. Tying together narrative theories, iconography and typical themes makes these film fit into the Western genre.

French Canadians as Second Class Citizens

French Canadian as 2nd class citizens Since Canada was first formed the French were looked at as the â€Å"white negroes† and second class. This has caused multiple problems in the co-operation of the Canadian people. They were treated this way from all angles. At work at school on the streets in politics and ever at home. 33% of French were unemployed and those who did work were at English owned businesses and industries. Most were being payed the same as the females during the second world war. In the schools children were being taught a different religion in a different language. On the streets 1 5th of the people spoke English. Maurice Duplessis 20 April 1890 – 7 September 1959 served as the 16th  Premier of the canadian province of Quebec  from 1936 to 1939 and 1944 to 1959. A founder and leader of the highly conservative  Union Nationale  party. During the Duplessis reign of 1946-19594 many Anglophone Canadian investors were the owners of the majority of the companies in Quebec. On March 24, 1937 Maurice passed the Padlock law. The law was ill-defined, denied the  presumption of innocence, and clearly denied the right of  freedom of speech  to individuals. Although it did have large restrictions on the English living in Quebec. This law was one great step for the French Canadians. During World War 2 many thousand of men and some women went to war, but most French Canadians did not want to volunteer to fight in the war. This brought on the conscription crisis of 1944. Because conscription was declared late in the war, only 2463 conscripted men reached the front lines. Out of these, 79 lost their lives.

GRE General Quantitative Reasoning Scores

GRE General Quantitative Reasoning Scores   A Concordance Table Between the GRE General and the Prior GRE Scores Many graduate schools out there accept old GRE scores in the 200 - 800 scale as well as the current GRE General scores,  and they use the following concordance table to compare GRE Quantitative scores to get an accurate picture of applicants. If you have received your GRE General Quantitative Reasoning score and want to know how it would compare to the prior GRE Quantitative Reasoning score or work in a graduate program and want to compare students scores from the prior version of the exam, then check out this concordance table below. How Long Are GRE Scores Valid? The GRE policy has changed a little bit since July 2016. For GRE tests taken on or after July 1, 2016, scores are considered part of test-takers reportable history for five years after the test date.  For GRE scores taken before July 1, 2016  the scores are  part of test-takers reportable history for five years after the testing year in which they tested (July 1 - June 30). The GRE enacted the five-year policy to ensure that scores remained valid as older scores may not reflect an applicants  current  quantitative, verbal and analytical ability. Think, for example, how much different you might test if you were in the middle of an advanced math class five years ago when you took the GRE, but havent taken or practiced any advanced math skills since the class ended. Your mathematics and computation knowledge and ability can change quite a bit in a five year span. Or, perhaps, five years ago, you hadnt done too much Verbal reasoning prep, but now you work in an environment that requires you to use reading comprehension skills all day long. Your ability may have shot up over the last five years. ETS wants to ensure that college admissions officers have the best information about testers so they can make the best admissions decisions possible.   GRE Scores and Admissions For those of you using this information for admissions decisions, ETS would like to remind you to keep this in mind: although the current scores allow for greater differentiation between higher ability test takers, if a student received an 800 on the prior GRE, then he or she received the highest possible score available at the time. This must be taken into consideration for all admissions decisions! More GRE Score Information Whats a good GRE General score?GRE General Scores vs. Prior GRE ScoresGRE General Scores for the Top Schools in the CountrySee the Verbal Reasoning Concordance Table The percentile rank listed below is based on students who tested between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2015, according to ETS. GRE General Quantitative Reasoning Concordance Table Prior GRE Score GRE General Score Percentile Rank 800 166 91 790 164 87 780 163 85 770 161 79 760 160 76 750 159 73 740 158 70 730 157 67 720 156 63 710 155 59 700 155 59 690 154 55 680 153 51 670 152 47 660 152 47 650 151 43 640 151 43 630 150 39 620 149 35 610 149 35 600 148 31 590 148 31 580 147 27 570 147 27 560 146 24 550 146 24 540 145 20 530 145 20 520 144 17 510 144 17 500 144 17 490 143 14 480 143 14 470 142 12 460 142 12 450 141 10 440 141 10 430 141 10 420 140 8 410 140 8 400 140 8 390 139 6 380 139 6 370 138 4 360 138 4 350 138 4 340 137 3 330 137 3 320 136 2 310 136 2 300 136 2 290 135 1 280 135 1 270 134 1 260 134 1 250 133 1 240 133 1 230 132 1 220 132 1 210 131 1 200 131 1

Microplastics and Their Environmental Effects

Microplastics and Their Environmental Effects Microplastics are small fragments of plastic material, generally defined as smaller than what can be seen by the naked eye.  Our increased reliance on plastics for countless applications has negative consequences to the environment. For example, the plastic manufacturing process is associated with air pollution, and volatile organic compounds released over the life of the plastic have deleterious health effects for humans. Plastic waste takes up significant space in landfills. However, microplastics in the aquatic environment  has been a newly emerging concern in the public consciousness. As the name implies, microplastics are very small, generally too small to see although some scientists include pieces up to 5mm in diameter (about a fifth of an inch). They are of various types, including polyethylene (e.g., plastic bags, bottles), polystyrene (e.g., food containers), nylon, or PVC. These plastic items become degraded by heat, UV light, oxidation, mechanical action, and biodegradation by living organisms like bacteria. These processes yield increasingly small particles that eventually can be classified as microplastics. Microplastics On the Beach   It appears that the beach environment, with its abundant sunlight and very high temperatures at ground level, is where the degradation processes operate fastest. On the hot sand surface, plastic trash fades, becomes brittle, then cracks and breaks down. High tides and wind pick up the tiny plastic particles and eventually add them to the growing great garbage patches found in the oceans. Since beach pollution is a major contributor of microplastic pollution, beach cleanup efforts turn out to be much more than esthetic exercises.   Environmental Effects of Microplastics Many persistent organic pollutants (for example, pesticides, PCBs, DDT, and dioxins) float around the oceans at low concentrations, but their hydrophobic nature concentrates them on the surface of plastic particles. Marine animals mistakenly feed on the microplastics, and at the same time ingest the toxic pollutants. The chemicals accumulate in the animal tissues and then increase in concentration as the pollutants are transferred up the food chain.As the plastics degrade and become brittle, they leach out monomers like BPA which can then be absorbed by marine life, with relatively little known consequences.Besides the associated chemical loads, ingested plastic materials can be damaging for marine organisms, as they can lead to digestive blockage or internal damage from abrasion. There is still much research needed to properly evaluate this issue.Being so numerous, microplastics provide abundant surfaces for small organisms to attach. This dramatic increase in colonization opportuni ties can have population-level consequences. In addition, these plastics are essentially rafts for organisms to travel further than they usually would, making them vectors for spreading invasive marine species. Microbeads A more recent source of trash in the oceans is the tiny polyethylene spheres, or microbeads, increasingly found in many consumer products. These microplastics do not come from the breakdown of larger pieces of plastic but instead are engineered additives to cosmetics and personal care products. They are most often used in skin care products and toothpaste and wash down drains, pass through water treatment plants, and end up in freshwater and marine environments. There is increased pressure for countries and states to regulate microbead use, and many large personal care product companies have pledged to find other alternatives. Sources Andrady, A. 2011. Microplastics in the Marine Environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin.Wright et al. 2013. The Physical Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms: A Review. Environmental Pollution.

Character Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character Analysis - Assignment Example Amir has a great friend Hassan and a wealthy father. He greatly adores his father. In his first year of friendship with Hassan, he is joyful about the friendship and values Hassan very much. However, things begin to change and jealousy, cruelty and the power struggle are witnessed. Amir’s mother died while giving birth to him (Hosseini 12). He therefore lives with his father who means everything to him. He comes out as someone who has a great lack in his life because of the death of his mother. He also feels somehow responsible for the death of his mother. As a tribute to her dead mother, he throws himself into writing and poetry. Things start changing for the worse when Amir starts believing that his father also holds him responsible for the death of her mother. Amir starts getting jealous with Hassan because of the attention that Hassan is receiving from his father, Baba. Amir admires Baba very much, but Baba does not seem to have time for him. Lack of ‘manliness’ seem to be the reason for the behavior and attitude of Baba towards Amir. Baba cannot understand how his son cannot stand up for himself. All the tension finally comes to breaking point when Amir wins a Kite –fighting tournament and Baba finally shows him some love (Clapsaddle 3). This does not however end the jealousy and cruelty he bears towards Hassan because of the affection Hassan gets from Baba. Amir shows his disapproval of Hassan by not helping him when he is raped by Assef. He goes ahead to accuse Hassan of theft and this leads to Hassan being thrown out of Baba’s house. When Amir and Baba arrive in the USA, he no longer views his father as legendary father. To him he is now just a normal father. America allows the young man to forget the betrayals and power struggles he had with Hassan in Afghanistan. Amir now starts to take care of his father. He goes ahead to meet a Saroya who he

The Case of Thomas Jackson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Case of Thomas Jackson - Assignment Example Constable Charles Peel stated, â€Å"There were no signs of injury, the deceased did not smell of alcohol.† The Officer also noted that there were no skid marks though it had been raining and the roads were still wet.Dennis Potts, aged 18, of 23 Beer Street in Old Town, stated that him and Thomas has spent the evening together at the Golden Dragon pool hall, where they had chatted with some girls. Thomas had a bit of a row with â€Å"one of the babes,’ and left on his own in a huff at about 11:30 PM. Dennis stated, â€Å"He offered me a lift but I said no, he seemed a bit upset to tell you the truth.† Potts also added â€Å"I think he wanted to give this chic who he had the hots for a ride on the back of his bike but she went and made some sort of joke about his bike, because it’s only a 250 cc.† When questioned by the Coroner Potts stated that from his experience Thomas was a good rider and did not normally take risks. Jane Wibbly knew Thomas slig htly and said she saw Thomas riding toward Long lane just before midnight. â€Å"He seemed to be having some sort of trouble with his lights, his bike was wobbling about a bit, and then he increased speed and shot right out of sight.A Post-mortem exam showed that Thomas has died from a broken neck. It is unknown why Thomas was ejected from his bike, though wet conditions may have been a factor. The coroner stated â€Å"I’m certain from the evidence that no one else was involved in the tragic circumstance†.

History - american revolutionary period 1763-1815 Essay

History - american revolutionary period 1763-1815 - Essay Example large states and other such inequitable situations by using the idea of population as a representative measure while keeping a level of parity between states. The compromise reached at the convention is called the Connecticut Compromise and the Great Compromise under which two houses of government were created for the American people (Wikipedia, 2007). This was essentially an amalgamation of the Virginia Plan which focused on majority populations being more important than equality and the New Jersey Plan which called for equal representation regardless of population size. In the compromise, the House of Representatives would have population levels based representation while the upper house of the Senate would have two representatives from each state. The ‘issue’ of slave populations affecting the representative strengths of a given member state was settled by a three-fifths compromise under which each slave was counted as 3/5th of a human being (Brinkley et. al., 2006). Essentially, it seems that the compromise was one for the sake of expediency since it gave equal representation to all states in the upper house without disregarding the population structures in the lower house. I disagree with the first part of the statement but I am in complete agreement with the second part. I feel that Washington played a very important role in the war for America and it is difficult to imagine other generals of his caliber taking his place when a man like him was needed on the ground. Without leadership, the rag tag army of farmers and merchants could have hardly hoped to defeat the might of the British Empire which was more or less at its zenith during the American Revolution (Sparks, 2006). The revolution could not have been won without a man like Washington leading the armies and conducting the war effort. On the other hand, to say that it was Washington who actually created the United States as a true nation is not an

Replica System in Distributed File Sharing Environments

Replica System in Distributed File Sharing Environments AN EFFECTIVE FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING REPLICA SYSTEM IN DISTRIBUTED FILE SHARING ENVIRONMENTS Tesmy K Jose,  Ã‚  Dr.V.Ulagamuthalvi Abstract-An Enhanced file system called Probabilistic File Share System is used to resolve all the distributed file update issues. There are three mechanisms designed in the probabilistic file share system such as Lazy Adaptive Synchronization Approach, Standard Replica System Replay Approach and Probabilistic method. The adaptive replica synchronization and Standard Replica System Replay approaches are implemented among the Storage Servers (SSs) and it makes the Meta Data Server (MDS) free from replica synchronization. Furthermore, a probabilistic control system is deployed into the proposed work in order to managing replicas replacement, overloading and their failures where the system can be measure the possibilities of every replicas replacement, overloading and failures level according their communication overhead and physical information. If the communication overhead or physical failure probability is high then the replica system replaced from replicas environment as well as se nds the notification message to its neighbor replicas with the failure system details. Keywords- Metadata Server, Lazy Adaptive Synchronization, Standard Replica System Replay, Probabilistic Control System. 1. Introduction As the volume of digital data grows, reliable, low-cost storage systems that do not compromise on access performance are increasingly important. A number of storage systems (e.g., libraries, tape and optical jukeboxes) provide high reliability coupled with low I/O throughput. However, as throughput requirements grow, using high-end components leads to increasingly costly systems. In general, the client contacts the metadata server (MDS), which handles all the properties of the whole file system, to get the authorization to work on the file and the information of the file’s layout. Then, the client accesses the corresponding storage servers (SSs), which handle the file data management on storage machines, to execute the actual file I/O operations after parsing the layout information obtained from the MDS. A number of existing distributed storage systems (e.g., cluster-based and peer-to-peer storage systems) attempt to offer cost-effective, reliable data stores on top of unrelia ble, commodity or even donated storage components. To tolerate failures of individual nodes, these systems use data redundancy through replication or erasure coding. This approach faces two problems. First, regardless of the redundancy level used, there is always a non-zero probability of a burst of correlated permanent failures up to the redundancy level used; hence the possibility of permanently losing data always exists. Second, data loss probability increases with the data volume stored when all other characteristics of the system are kept constant One of disadvantage of clusters is that programs must be grouped to run on multiple equipments, and it is difficult for these grouped programs to cooperate or distribute resources. Perhaps the most significant such resource is the file system. In the absence of a cluster file system, individual components of a grouped program must share cluster storage in an unplanned manner. This typically complicates programming, restricts performance, and compromises reliability. Also, the Meta Data Server is responsible for handling all the information about chunk replicas and generating replica synchronization when one of the storage servers has been updated. However, saving the recently written data to the disk becomes a blockage to the whole file system because all other threads need to remain until the synchronous flush-and sync procedure started by one of the SSs is completed. A Probabilistic File Share System is proposed to resolve the abovementioned issues. It is used to support lazy and adaptive replica synchronization with replica replacement management among the SSs and make the MDS free from replica synchronization and failure maintenance. 2. Literature Survey Different types of distributed file system supports chunk replication for reliability and produce high data bandwidth as same as similar replica synchronization mechanisms. A class of file system extends the traditional file server architecture to a storage area network (SAN) environment which allows the file server to access data directly from the disk through (SAN). Examples of SAN file system are IBM/Tivoli SANergy and Veritas SAN Point Direct [8,9]. GPFS allows chunk replication by partitioning space for multiple copies of each data chunk on the different Storage Servers and updates to all locations synchronously. Before the completion of write operation, GPFS used to follow the updates of chunk replicas which files had updated on the primary SSs and then updates other replicas[7].Ceph also had similar replica synchronization policy, i.e., the newly written data should be applied to all replicas stored on the different Storage Servers[5]. In the Hadoop file system, the replicated chunks are stored on the Storage Servers. Storage Server’s list will contains copies of any stripe produced and managed by Metadata Server. So, the Metadata Server handles the replicas synchronization and if new data written on any of the replicas,it will be triggered [4]. In GFS, the Metadata Server computes the location and data layout among the various chunk servers. Every chunk is replicated on multiple chunk servers and the replica synchronization is done by Metadata server (MDS) [6]. In Lustre file system, which is the parallel file system has a same chunk called replication mechanism [10]. The researchers are successively presented MinCopysets and Copysets replication techniques to enhance data durability (i.e., data loss) during retain the benefits of randomized load balancing by using derandomized replicas placement policy. However, researchers didn’t enclose the algorithm of replica synchronization and replica replacement [3,2]. 3. Proposed System 3.1 Probabilistic File Shared System Architecture The probabilistic file share system copy and give out the locations of all replicas belonging to the same file chunk to the Storage Servers (SSs) where the replicas are stored. Fig. 1 shows the architecture of probabilistic file share system. The probabilistic control system is organized to calculate the failure rate of every replica in the probabilistic file share system environment. To calculate the failure rate of replicas, our system examine each replicas for communication overhead and also obtains the CPU and memory utilization. By this our proposed system maintains better data consistency in the distributed file shared environment. Fig. 1 Probabilistic File Share System Architecture 3.2 Data Updating Fig. 2: Adaptive Synchronization Approach In the case of processing a write request, the probabilistic file share system use the mechanism of lazy replica synchronization. This probabilistic system firstly completes the write operation and each update process in probabilistic file share system storage is replicated using adaptive replica synchronization. Here adaptive replica synchronization approach is used to copy the each modification in a storage management of distributed file system where primary replica updates the result into replica n and passes the acknowledgement into primary replica. 3.3 System Crash Handling The probabilistic file share system adopts a deferred replica synchronization mechanism for reconstructing the lost file updates. i.e., it allows only the primary Storage Server to manage the latest data snapshot for reducing write latency and the synchronous process of replica to other SSs will be conducted along the timeline. The Meta Data Server buffers ascertain the latest write requests in the memory; when the number of cached requests is larger than a predefined threshold, the MDS is supposed to direct SSs to perform regular replica synchronization, so that the cached requests can be removed from the memory. 3.4 SS’s Failure and Replacement The proposed file sharing system arranged in a probabilistic control system that examine the system details and every replica communication. The probabilistic control system keeps a replacement list to store the system details such as CPU utilization, Memory Utilization and etc. By using the abovementioned information, the probabilistic control system measures the failure rate for each replica. If the communication overhead or physical failure probability is high then the replica system replaced from replicas environment as well as sends the notification message to its neighbor replicas with the failure system details. Figure 3: Illustrated of Probabilistic Control System The Figure 3 shows the illustrated replica replacement management process. The following function is used to measure the failure rate of replica: 5. Conclusion This research work proposed a new probabilistic file share system. The modified lazy adaptive synchronization approach successfully updates the data in the Storage Servers. This approach will take less I/O execution time, computation and storage compared to other approaches. The standard replica system replay approach can well handle the crashes of Storage Servers and can improve the lost data. At last, a probabilistic control system is positioned in the new probabilistic file share system. The replica failure calculation and their replacement management are extremely directed by the probabilistic control system.

The Once And Future King :: essays research papers

Wart and The Master   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people wish to be an animal if only for a day, just to see what it is like to be that animal. The obvious problem is that nobody knows how to turn himself into an animal. However, in T.H. White's Once and Future King, Wart has the opportunity to experience life as an animal because his tutor, Merlyn the magician, transforms him into many different animals. Of all the adventures, the most significant transformation to Wart's kingship occurs when he becomes a badger because the badger teaches Wart valuable lessons about human behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wart's transformation into a badger provides him with insight to become a great king. The badger teaches him certain characteristics about humans which help him to rule his kingdom. For example, he states, 'True warfare is what happens between bands of the same species'; (194). The animals in Wart's other transformations teach him only about their societies. The most important information that the badger gives to Wart is that humans are one of the only species in the world who fight among themselves. The badger supports this statement when he says, 'There are more than four thousand different sorts of them, and from all those kinds I can only think of five which are belligerent. There are the five ants, one termite that I know of, and Man';(194). This insult influences Wart to create the Round Table when he becomes the King. The purpose of the Round Table is to get all the barons to stop fighting among themselves and to form an alliance to fight only to protect th e weak. Therefore, the badger's insult influences the creation of the Round Table.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wart's adventure as a badger was the most beneficial transformation to him as a king.

A Review Of Ang Lees Film

‘Compare the movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ with Proulx ‘s narrative, explicating to what extent you feel Ang Lee ‘s movie represents its subjects and thoughts. This essay will take to compare the movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ with Annie Proulx ‘s short narrative. It will explicate, discourse every bit good as measure the ways in which Ang Lee represented cardinal subjects and thoughts through-out the movie. Many subjects and thoughts were dealt with in the movie, some of which will be looked at such as, relationships, love, desire and the Gothic. Ang Lee was able to show Jack and Ennis ‘s maleness through their physical characteristics, the occupations that they undertook, every bit good as through their vesture, throughout the film. The two work forces were seen to be working on the land, making strenuous physical labor and played out the masculine roles in society. In both the film and the short narrative Jack and Ennis ‘ relationship with nature was masculine in the manner that they spent a great trade of clip in the unfastened countryside at work. Their relationship with the land strengthened through the word picture of their love devising on Brokeback Mountain which showed their deep connexion and assurance with their milieus. Even though the work forces were portrayed as masculine figures throughout both the movie and the narrative, there was besides a really outstanding displacement in the gender functions, as Jack and Ennis both alternated between the traditional functions of male & A ; female. ‘Cent ral to Proulx ‘s thought is non merely the subjectiveness of people shaped by geographical restraints, bounds and chances, but besides that the societal universes produced reveal personal narrations of battle which frequently question determined societal functions. ‘ [ 1 ] It could be argued that the short narrative was entirely about the love of two work forces for each other and how this impacted on the lives they were expected to take. However the film focused more on their place life and domestic functions, such as Ennis neglecting to supply and care for his kids. The short narrative merely briefly mentioned Ennis ‘ household life. In the film, there was great insight into the work forces ‘s married life whereas in the book there is non much accent on this. This would hold helped the spectator to dig more profoundly into their personal lives and hence have a better apprehension of them. The adult females in the movie version of Brokeback Mountain were more seeable, referred to more and had a significantly active function in the narrative in relation to Jack and Ennis. The spectator was able to see life from the adult females ‘s points of position and into the adversities of their lives. Whereas in the short narrative they were simply portrayed as obstructions that stopped Jack and Ennis from prosecuting their romantic relationship. It could be argued that Ang Lee did non desire adult females to simply be on the border in this movie, he likely wanted to convey the adult females to the foreground of the narrative since conventional relationships are between work forces and adult females, unlike Proulx whose version was more closely focused around the relationship between Jack and Ennis. In both versions the adult females were powerless to impact what was traveling on, particularly after they finally discovered that Jack and Ennis were more than merely friends. T here was nil that they could make, as they were unable to efficaciously act upon the state of affairs in their favor, . ‘ †¦ and the door gap and Alma looking out for a few seconds at Ennis ‘s straining shoulders†¦ .She had seen what she had seen. ‘ [ 2 ] In add-on, this narrative was set at a clip when adult females were seen to be more dominant in the private domestic domain, therefore they seemed to be naA?ve of about the departures on in the outside universe and possibly did non hold a loud adequate voice to stand up to work forces. One of the chief subjects in Ang Lee ‘s movie version of ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ was the added dimension of nature and the milieus of the West in which the movie was set. Proulx ‘ mentions to the landscape to put the scenes were really descriptive throughout the narrative. ‘The mountain boiled with diabolic energy, glazed with wavering broken-cloud visible radiation ; the air current combed the grass and Drew from the damaged krummholz and slit stone a beastly drone. ‘ [ 3 ] The astonishing amazing shootings of the landscape in Ang Lee ‘s film, gave a new dimension to the movie as the shootings of nature became merely every bit much a portion of the movie as the narrative line. â€Å" The beauty of the shootings about every bit of import as duologue † [ 4 ] The impact that nature had on people who already felt comfy in the unfastened state were given more depth and significance. Spending clip together on Brokeback Mountain was like a retreat or a safe oasis from society in which Jack and Ennis would hold been judged because of the nature of their relationship. Whilst on Brokeback Mountain the accent on nature meant that they felt free and at peace off from society and were able to be themselves without the hazard of being ridiculed or judged. The image of the dead sheep on the mountain, in the movie, acted as a metaphor for the thought that even though the work forces felt safe and free on the mountain they were still vulnerable in the eyes of society. The chief subjects that ran through the movie were that of love, relationships and desire. There were great similarities in the short narrative and the film in the ways in which the characters related to each other, their emotion and concern. The manner that Jack was so caring towards Ennis, was expressed absolutely through both mediums. The manner their relationship was portrayed was so painful as they could ne'er be together was shown in different ways in both the short narrative and the film. † They have to privatize their feelings † [ 5 ] . The original duologue from the narrative added another dimension to Ang Lee ‘s movie. As a batch of the clip the characters whispered or spoke in a quiet mode, it gives the feeling that what they were stating was non to be shared with others. The scene in the film where Ennis became hysterical after Jack ‘s going from Brokeback Mountain, was really much more dear and emotional than in the short narrative, ‘within a stat mi Ennis felt like person was drawing his backbones out†¦ ‘ [ 6 ] . The emotion was non felt whilst reading the book, it was better conveyed in the film. The ground for this may hold been as a consequence of the musical soundtrack and the stopping point up camera shootings which showed Ennis as wholly overwrought. This was evident besides near the terminal of the movie by the lines, â€Å" ‘I wish I knew how to discontinue you ‘ † [ 7 ] , which were spoken, the tone and volume of which this short line was spoken displayed the hurting that Ennis and Jack were digesting by being apart. In add-on, in the concluding scene at Jack ‘s house with the two shirts, one inside the other ; the scene was portrayed better visually than in the book due to the impact that the music had over the scene, which was non achieved in the short narrative. However, it the words used in the short narrative were powerful in their simpleness. ‘The shirt seemed heavy until he saw there was another inside it†¦ the brace like two teguments, one inside the other, two in one. ‘ [ 8 ] On a actual degree this scene added shaped to the narrative, as the narrative ended where it started, both with dreams, both with shirts. Both the film and the short narrative expressed cardinal elements of the Gothic. Two of the most outstanding elements were force and enigma. Proulx ‘s short narrative had an equivocal stoping in which the reader was unsure of how Jack died and who killed him. His household and Ennis were left inquiring if it was an accident or if it was on intent as a consequence of person happening out about his secret relationship with Ennis. The stoping was left for the spectator to make up one's mind and to utilize their imaginativeness as to who killed Jack and how he was killed, rather like a slaying enigma. â€Å" Not merely did I want to be loyal to [ Proulx ‘s ] authorship, but I needed to make extra scenes to corroborate her authorship, because we do n't hold the internal word pictures which she did most brightly. â€Å" ‘ [ 9 ] This was true systematically throughout the movie. There were many subdivisions in the movie that did non look in the narrative, such as the statement between Jack and his father-in-law on Thanksgiving, and the scenes where Jack went to Mexico to research his gender and the greater deepness and penetration into their household lives and the people closest to them. Scenes even appeared in a different order. However things that were losing from the movie were filled with drawn-out scenes that were besides non in the short narrative. These drawn-out scenes gave the spectator a greater penetration into the lives of Jack and Ennis every bit good as those that they interacted with. Futhermore in the film Ang Lee used flashbacks every bit good as cartridge holders which gave the spectator a greater penetration into the unknown, and to things that were below the surface of the characters initial ideas. The spectator ever had the Fuller image drawn out for them, which was pieced together by the existent plot line. This was present in the manner that Ang Lee used a flashback to demo how Ennis ‘ male parent showed him what happened to a adult male who lived with another male nevertheless this was non presented in the same manner in the short narrative. The film was rather direct and ocular and the narrative had a unequivocal stoping and the audience knew precisely what happened to Jack even if the other characters in movie did non. The usage of the film as a ocular assistance meant that there was more freedom in the thought of the Gothic with the ghastly scenes of the adult male who was castrated every bit good as the slaying of Jack. The book ended as it stated that the love felt by Ennis was endured, but it was merely an terminal to the physical but non emotional love. It was as if the narrative still continued beyond the text, and would go on to make so every bit long as society failed to travel on. ‘There was some unfastened infinite between what he knew and what he tried to believe, but nil could be done about it, and if you ca n't repair it you ‘ve got to stand it ‘ . [ 10 ] The long silences and deep stares that were exchanged between Jack and Ennis throughout the movie expressed their mute love, this was more efficaciously displayed in the movie than the short narrative. ‘Because of their Stoic characters, the narrative has much to make with what is mute, with the shame and guilt that fills them ‘ [ 11 ] This made the movie a batch more powerful than the narrative as a consequence of these silences. ‘ †¦ narrative item is echoed by Ang Lee cinematically. The beauty and pureness of the emotions is matched by the countrified stateliness of the landscape ; in cut downing the narrative to a existence of simpleness of scenery and emotion, Lee was seeking to make a new deepness for a love narrative ‘ . [ 12 ] As a consequence of the shame and guilt that would hold been forced upon them whilst in society Brokeback Mountain gave them a sense of freedom to make things that would non hold been acceptable in society at the clip. ‘Ang Lee tells us that the focal point on emotion can non be articulated in words, and employs the imagined iconic purdah of the cowpuncher†¦ ‘ [ 13 ] The usage of camera shootings such as panning and close ups helped to covey the emotion through the screen to the spectator, this therefore enabled the spectator to hold a better emotional connexion with the characters. One of the chief versions that Ang Lee made to the movie version of Brokeback Mountain was his choice of his dramatis personae, particularly the chief characters. Whereas in the short narrative Jack and Ennis were non described as excessively good looking work forces, nevertheless Ang Lee ‘s dramatis personae did non portray this.BibliographyCampbell, N. ( 2009 ) From narrative to movie: Brokeback Mountain ‘s ‘in-between ‘ infinites, Canadian Review of American Studies, Volume 39, Number 2, 2009Dilley, W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee: The Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower ImperativenessGrindstaff, D. ( 2008 ) The Fist and the Cadaver: Taming the Queer Sublime in Brokeback Mountain, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Volume 5, Issue 3Hunt, A. ( ed. ) ( 2008 ) The Geographical Imagination of Annie Proulx: Rethinking Regionalism, United Kingdom: Lexington BooksIntertexts ( 2006 ) Conversing Brokeback Mountain ‘s varied infinites and c ontested desires. . [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7044583/Conversing-Brokeback-Mountain-s-varied.html Date of entree ( 12/12/09 ) .Johnson, L. S. ( 2006 ) Brokeback Mountain, Movie Reviews, The Journal of American History Vol.93, No.3 p.988.Lee, A. ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus FeaturesMcDonald, J. ( 2007 ) Thwarting the representation of the masculine ‘West ‘ in Ang Lee ‘s Brokeback Mountain. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 3 ( 2 ) .National Association For Research and Therapy of Homosexuality ( 2008 ) Essayists Review Themes In ‘Brokeback Mountain ‘ . [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.narth.com/docs/brokeback.html Date of entree ( 21/12/09 ) .Prefontaine, C. ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger in Ang Lee ‘s Brokeback Mountain, Suite 101. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //filmdramas.suite101.com/article.cfm/review_brokeback_m ountain Date of Access: ( 21/12/09 ) .Testa, M. ( 2005 ) Exclusive PJH Interview: At near scope with Annie Proulx, JH Weekly. [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.planetjh.com//music_arts_culture/A_100138.aspx Date of entree: ( 20/12/09 ) .Pullen, C. Brokeback Mountain as Progressive Narrative and Cinematic Vision: Landscape, Emotion and the Denial of Domesticity ‘in ‘ Hunt, A. ( 2009 ) The Geographical imaginativeness of Annie Proulx, United Kingdom: Lexington Books Pp.155Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp. 21-22Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp.16Gyllenhaal, J. ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain, DVD, ‘in ‘ Ang Lee, Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Focus FeaturesLee, A. ( 2005 ) Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus FeaturesProulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp.17Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp.44Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited Pp. 55Lee. A. ( 2005 ) Interview with Carlo Cavagna, ‘in ‘ Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P. 167Proulx, A. ( 1998 ) Brokeback Mountain, London: Fourth Estate Limited, Pp. 58Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P.164Dilley, C. W. ( 2007 ) The Cinema of Ang Lee the Other Side of the Screen, London: Wallflower Press, P.166Lee, A. ( 2005 ) Interview from the docudrama: On Bing a Cowboy, Brokeback Mountain DVD, Focus Features ‘in ‘ Pullen, C. Brokeback Mountain as Progressive Narrative and Cinematic Vision: Landscape, Emotion and the Denial of Domesticity ‘in ‘ Hunt, A. ( ed. ) The Geographical Imagination of Annie Proulx, United Kingdom: Lexington Books Pp.160

Financial Issues for Financing SMEs in Pakistan Essay

The small and medium sector enterprises are considered an impetus to economic growth in any country since these enterprises are mostly labour intensive and they tend to boost the employment more than any other sector. The government of Pakistan has identified the SME sector as one of the leading sectors along with agriculture and construction that can generate employment and contribute to overall economic growth. This sector in Pakistan contributes over 30 percent of the gross domestic product, 25 percent in export earnings, and 35 percent in manufacturing value addition. As per industry reports there are approximately 3. 2 million economic establishments across the country of which the SME sector contributes to 90 percent of all private enterprises employing almost 78 percent of the non-agricultural labour force. The sustained growth of this sector in Pakistan is restrained by a number of factors that include shortage of skills, inadequate leadership and management qualities, scarcity of capital goods, lack of structured data on the sector, resistance to change and difficulties in marketing products. But the biggest challenge facing the SME sector in Pakistan is the lack of adequate financing facilities. The limited access to credit has impaired the growth of this sector considerably. The banks are averse to taking risks in extending finance to the small and medium enterprises. The larger corporations face no such difficulty since the financing institutions have minimized risk due to their larger scales of operation and higher credibility in the market. The SME sectors are unable to provide adequate collateral in addition to the lack of adequate technical and managerial know-how that may affect the profitability of the business venture. For the purpose of this study the researcher has identified three prominent areas that influence the credit lending policy of financing institutions to the SME sector in Pakistan. These are political, legal and economic challenges facing the financial institutions. Statement of Objectives The Pakistan economy comprises mainly of the SMEs as suggested by the recent statistics outlined in the previous section. However, the sector suffers from a number of weaknesses that have constrained its development to its full potential. The SME sector does not have adequate access to finance from the formal sectors like large private banking corporations and financial institutions. They have to rely mainly on the credit facilities from the informal sector. The research paper intends to analyse the SME sector in Pakistan with emphasis on its growth over the past few years, the impact of this sector on the overall economic development, and the policy adopted by the government of Pakistan towards the sustainable growth of this sector. It will highlight the role of major financing institutions like International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank, and the State Bank of Pakistan to boost the SME sector in the country. The paper will aim to provide answers to discussion objectives raised by study of the financial strategies of the funding institutions – the challenges and risk implications of financing small and medium enterprises. The objectives identified are summarised below: †¢ What are the factors that contribute to the overall financing of businesses in Pakistan? †¢ How does the political and legal environment affect the credit lending policy of the financial institutions in Pakistan? †¢ What strategies and policies are being adopted by the government of Pakistan to combat these issues? The paper proposes to analyse the economic, legal and political environment factors that simulates the lending policy of the financing institutions in Pakistan. The study identifies the lack of proper regulatory environment that restricts the banks’ operations in terms of providing finance to the borrower. The high rate of failures of business enterprises due to slumps in the market; institutional malpractices, political upheavals and damaging acts by the labour unions have presented huge risks for the credit lending institutions. In addition to insufficient and low quality production to meet demands of local and international markets, deficit in balance of payments, and increasing unemployment have increased the risk potential for the SME sector. Research Methodology The research paper will comprehensively review the SME sector in Pakistan highlighting the market statistics, trends and policies affecting the credit availability. The study will focus on the major points tabulated below: †¢ Research on the background of SMEs in Pakistan †¢ Identify the various sources of finance available for the small and medium enterprises †¢ Analyse the political, economic and legal environment factors that influence the industry segment. †¢ Research the implications of these factors on the credit lending policy of the financial institutions. †¢ Analyse the steps taken by the government in the past few years towards meeting these challenges. †¢ Analyse the roles of the financial and regulatory bodies in the growth and development of the SME sector. †¢ Provide recommendations to the SME policy within the scope of the study objectives. The paper will also discuss the SME policy that is being followed by the Government of Pakistan through its regulating body the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA). The SME policy adopted in the past laid over-emphasis on the industrial and manufacturing activities with little focus on the service sectors. The schemes designed for small enterprise development lacked focus and did not address the core issues of enterprise development and employment growth. Political manipulation and interference led to accrual of bad loans for banks and loss of public funds. Overall they contributed little to economic growth and did very little for the employment issues. These were some of the past initiatives that led to a cautious approach by the banks and financial institutions while lending credit to the small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Recent years have seen a significant swing in the policy of the Pakistan government towards the development and growth of this sector. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority was established to boost the development of SMEs and monitor their interests with an eye to encourage and facilitate the growth of such enterprises. The paper will analyse the role of SMEDA in the past few years, the initiatives taken and the policy changes that made an impact on the SME sector. The research will evaluate the steps taken by this regulatory body to counter the challenges posed by the political, economic and legal environment to the financing of the SME sector. â€Å"The most significant step taken by the Government of Pakistan for the development of SMEs was the establishment of the Small and Medium Enterprise Bank (SME bank) to arrange for speedy financial assistance. † (Kaiser H. Naseem, the president of SME bank in an interview to PAGE). In addition to the setting up of the SME bank, Pakistan witnessed impressive changes in the SME financing sector. Global institutions like International Finance Corporation (IFC) are playing a major role in aiding the SME sector in Pakistan. It is observed by these institutions that the country needs to provide a conducive and enabling environment for SMEs to operate. They require support and assistance in order to achieve their maximum potential. Organisations like SMEDA can play a critical role in business development process, advisory support, and managerial training of SMEs. The commercial banks and financing institutions need to develop dedicated segment for servicing the SMEs. The banking institutions based on Islamic principles are providing interest free financial assistance to this sector. Based on such facts the research will outline the policies and recommendations that will help in structuring the financing of the small and medium enterprises. The research will be based on various journals, Internet articles, and textbooks related to the Small and Medium Enterprise sector in Pakistan. Explanation of Research Design The research will be based on two principal source types – qualitative and quantitative research. Data collection method: Qualitative research comprising of interviews and data gathered from other sources. The research employs data gathered from the SMEs in Pakistan taken from online resources and printed materials in the form of journals, newspaper articles and textbooks. Quantitative research that constitutes of statistical data collected from financial institutions. The study will be based on the statistical data of finance to SME sector in Pakistan collected for the past five years. This data will assist in analysing the financing trends in the recent years and help in projecting growth trends in the sector. Data processing and analysis: The outcome of the research conducted on the subject matter from various sources mentioned above will be written as a descriptive conclusion of the study conducted. The processed statistical data will be presented as graphs and pie charts for better understanding. Validity, reliability and limitations: As the information collected from various journals, newspaper reports and articles reflect the current market trend; the analysis based on the findings will be accurate and reliable. Timetable of research activities: Appendices The study will make use of facts and figures available from the published reports of State Bank of Pakistan, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, International Finance Corporation, SME Bank of Pakistan, SMEDA and other journals released by the government of Pakistan on the subject matter. References: 1. SME led Economic Growth – Creating Jobs and Reducing Poverty, Ministry of Industries, Production and Special Initiatives, Government of Pakistan – http://www. smeda. org/downloads/smepolicy2007. pdf – accessed on 2nd March 2008 2. Country overview – Pakistan, International Finance Corporation – http://ifcln001. worldbank. org/ifcext/mena. nsf/Content/Pakistan – accessed on 2nd March 2008 3. SME Sector Development (Program Loan): Pakistan, Asian Development Bank – http://www. adb. org/Documents/PIDs/34327013. asp – accessed on 2nd March 2008 4. Finance and Markets – SME Bank to play pivotal role, An interview with Kaiser H. Naseem, President SME Bank – http://www. pakistaneconomist. com/issue2002/issue5/f&m. htm – accessed on 2nd March 2008 5. SME Financing: Issues and Strategies, Ishrat Hussain – http://www. sbp. org. pk/about/speech/financial_sector/2005/SME_Financing_10_May_05. pdf – accessed on 2nd March 2008 6. SME Policy Development – Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority – http://www. smeda. org/projects/SME-policy-development. html – accessed on 2nd March 2008 7. SME Sector, SME Bank – http://www. smebank. org/SME%20Sector. htm – accessed on 2nd March 2008 8. SME Financing: State Bank of Pakistan – http://www. sbp. org. pk/sme/index. htm – accessed on 2nd March 2008 9. President’s Address to SME Financing and Strategic Conference – http://presidentofpakistan. gov. pk/FilesSpeeches%5CPolicy%5C510200583259PMSME. pdf – accessed on 2nd March 2008 10. Pakistan announced SME policy for higher growth – http://developing8. org/page/news/17/8/2007/pakistan_announced_sme_policy_for_higher_growth – accessed on 2nd March 2008